International Journal of High Risk Behaviors and Addiction
Volume:11 Issue: 1, Mar 2022

It is proposed that family structure influences adolescent alcohol use; however, the findings are mixed, and no systematic review has been conducted to summarize the evidence.

We aimed to identify the association between family structures and adolescent alcohol consumption through a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies.

PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar were searched until June 2017 for observational studies, which examined the relationship between family structure and adolescent alcohol use. A random-effects model was used to derive the overall odds ratio (OR) for the likelihood of alcohol use in different non-intact families compared with intact families (adolescents growing up with both biological parents).

Fifty-seven articles met the eligibility criteria for the systematic review, and 29 were included in the meta-analysis. The meta-analysis revealed a significant increase in alcohol use among adolescents with non-intact families (OR = 1.27, 95% confidence interval: 1.19, 1.36) compared with adolescents with intact families in which both biological parents were present. Living with one biological parent, living in a divorced family, loss of parents, and other types of the non-intact family also significantly increased the odds of alcohol use in adolescents (P < 0.05).

All types of the non-intact family were linked to adolescents' alcohol use. The family structure could have an essential role in reducing high-risk behaviors, including alcohol use and its consequences in adolescents.

Several studies have reported that many people living with HIV (PLHIV) complain of memory impairments.

This study aimed to investigate these complaints both subjectively and objectively. Patients and

For this purpose, 50 PLHIV and 50 of their companions as the control group were selected by the convenience sampling method in Shiraz, Iran, and completed Ray's auditory-verbal learning test and the Patient’s Assessment of Own Functioning Inventory (PAOFI). Data were analyzed using a t-test in SPSS.

Our findings showed a significant difference between PLHIV and the control group in terms of subjective memory complaints and objective memory functions.

The overall result of the study showed that PLHIV reported more subjective memory complaints and poorer objective memory functions than the control group, regardless of the stage of the disease.

Adolescence is defined as a period with multiple and intertwined physical, psychological, and social developments during which risky behaviors increases. Various factors affect the tendency and occurrence of risky behaviors. Time perspective (TP) is defined as the role of time and attitude toward time in affairs and behaviors. Executive functioning skills allow an individual to perceive stimuli from his or her environment, respond adaptively, flexibly change direction, anticipate future goals, consider consequences, and respond in an integrated or commonsense way.

This study aimed to predict risky behaviors based on TP in Iranian adolescents by emphasizing the mediating role of decision making and inhibitory response.

Path analysis was used to evaluate the relationship between components of TP and risky behaviors with mediator variables, decision making, and inhibitory response among 804 high school adolescent students (including 470 males and 334 females) in Sanandaj, Iran. All participants were asked to complete the Iranian Adolescent Risk Scale and Time Perspective Scale and perform 2 computer tasks [i.e., Go/No-Go and Balloon Analogue Risk Task (BART)]. SPSS version 26 and AMOS version 24 were used to analyze direct and indirect relationships.

There was a significant relationship between the components of TP and the tendency to risky behaviors. Risky decision-making and inhibitory response had a significant effect on 3 aspects of TP in predicting adolescents’ risky behaviors. These effects were both direct and indirect, of which the former effect was created by mediating the decision-making and inhibitory response.

The components of TP, decision-making, and inhibitory response predict risky behaviors in adolescents.

Tobacco-related health literacy is a skill for pregnant women that leads to a correct understanding of the information needed to maintain the health of the fetuses and themselves against tobacco smoke. Cultural capital is also associated with the capacity and ability to acquire skills.

This study aimed to investigate pregnant women's cultural capital and tobacco-related health literacy and the relationship with fetal smoke exposure.

This cross-sectional study recruited a sample of 500 pregnant women referred to hospitals affiliated with Tehran University of Medical Sciences. The data were gathered using a researcher-made questionnaire.

Tobacco-related health literacy was 60.8% more common at the high level. The cultural capital of pregnant women was 81.4% higher in the medium level. Logistic regression showed that cultural capital (OR = 0.47 and B = -0.737) and tobacco-related health literacy (OR = 0.77 and B = -0.0257) reversely affected the fetal tobacco smoke exposure (P < 0.05). As women's tobacco-related health literacy and cultural capital increased, the rate of fetal smoke exposure decreased.

According to the results, as pregnant women’s health literacy concerning tobacco smoke and their cultural capital increased, the tobacco smoke exposure of pregnant women and their fetuses decreased.

Shame and self-criticism are two variables that refer to negative self-assessment. Such negative self-assessments cause unpleasant emotions, which are among the known factors involved in drug abuse and relapse.

This study aimed to compare mindfulness-based relapse prevention (MBRP) group therapy and treatment as usual (TAU) in terms of their effect on shame and self-criticism in individuals with opioid use disorder (OUD).

The current quasi-experimental study with a pretest-posttest and follow-up design was conducted on 36 patients who met the diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM-5) criteria for OUD. The participants were randomly assigned to two groups. One group received a combination of MBRP group therapy and TAU, and the other group was treated only by TAU. The participants filled out the Other as Shamer Scale and the Forms of Self-Criticizing/Attacking and Self-Reassuring Scale in the pretest, posttest, and follow-up stages. The data were statistically analyzed using a mixed-design analysis of variance.

Our results indicated that the mean score of shame significantly decreased in the follow-up compared to pretest and posttest. Moreover, the combination of MBRP group therapy and TAU was significantly more effective than TAU alone. The posttest and follow-up mean scores of the participants who received a combination of MBRP group therapy and TAU were significantly lower than those treated only with TAU.

The study results showed that MBRP could be considered an effective therapeutic approach for reducing shame and self-criticism in individuals with OUD.

Pediatric poisoning is a serious issue worldwide and a common cause of children's morbidity and mortality.

This work aimed to study pediatric poisonings due to chemical substances and their related factors.

A seven-year retrospective cross-sectional study was performed on the poisoning of children equal to or less than 18 years of age who presented to the emergency ward in 2014. The analyzed data included demographics and socioeconomic features, mode and route of poisoning, causative poisonous substances, clinical presentation, and patients' outcomes. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS 20, considering 0.05 as a significant error when statistical tests were used.

Among poisoned children, boys were more in total, as well in all age groups except > 10 years. Age (X2 = 22.494, P = 0.013), intentionally (X2 = 32.176, P < 0.001) had a significant association with chemical substances. Among the demographic and socioeconomic features, none was associated with the type of chemical substances except age. Among the symptoms, all were associated with chemical poisoning substances except seizures. Of 114 with RDS, about 30.7% were poisoned by kerosene. Of 63 with low BP, 66.7%, 31.7%, and 1.6% were due to medicines, bites, and detergents, respectively, and from six children with high BP, all were due to toxins. Of 79 with low consciousness, 69.6% were due to medicines. Seventy children had fever, of which 55.7% were due to bites. Thirty-two had seizures that 46.9% and 18.8% were due to medicines and kerosene. Ninety-seven had vomiting and nausea, of which 32% and 30.9% were due to medicines and kerosene, respectively. Finally, 159 had low SPO2, of which 47.8%, 13.8%, and 20.1% were due to medicines, toxins, and kerosene, respectively.

It was concluded that in poisoned children, boys were more but girls in self-poisoning, especially at older ages. Girls were poisoned more by medicinal and kerosene substances, but boys by bites, toxins, and detergents. All the poisoning symptoms were observed in medicinal substances and bites. Poisoning by kerosene more occurred in the cold months, and detergents and bite poisoning were more frequent in summer. There is a need for further, longer prospective studies to lead to preventing measures.